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Sunday, September 30, 2012
Sunday, September 23, 2012
激进与保守（刘荻）
激进与保守（刘荻）
http://www.bullogger.com/blogs/stainlessrat/archives/397825.aspx
每当谈到激进与保守这个话题，美国革命总是个绕不过去的问题。美国革命是暴力革命，看似十分“激进”，为何却得到了“公认的保守主义鼻祖”埃德蒙•柏克的支持？
在笔者看来，这个问题的关键或许在于，存在着两种不同意义上的“激进”和“保守”：手段上的激进保守与目标上的激进保守。
美国革命在手段上是激进的，然而在目标上是保守的：美国的爱国者们不打算彻底改造社会、建立人间天堂，他们只想推翻暴政，捍卫自己已经拥有的自由。从这种意义上说，美国革命是一场保守主义的革命。
也有另一些人，他们在目标上是激进的，然而在手段上是保守的。例如笔者主张无政府主义，但是主张通过非暴力的方式循序渐进地来实现，因此可以说笔者是另一种意义上的保守主义者。
美国革命的目标是保守的，这是因为对当时的美国人民来说，自由、民主、法治、市场经济、公民社会和地方自治都早已实现，革命者们唯一需要做的就是推翻暴政，捍卫自己已经拥有的东西。
然而在另一些国家——尤其是在那些处于极权主义的压迫之下的国家中，市场经济、公民社会和地方自治受到压制难以发育，自由、民主、法治更是无从谈起。在这 种情况下，仅仅推翻一个专制政权可能并不足以带来民主，陷入长期内战或者换上另一个专制政权的可能性也不能忽视。因此，这些国家中的人民要想实现民主，除 了推翻专制政权之外，可能还需要有一个更加根本性的改革社会、改变社会中的权力关系的目标。换句话说，与美国革命所要达到的有限目标相比，这些国家需要一 场更加“激进”的革命。
但是这样一场目标更加激进的社会革命只能采用更加“保守”的非暴力手段来实现。这首先是因为使用暴力手段来实现社会革命存在着把革命变成法国大革命 或是俄国十月革命的危险，而二十世纪下半叶波兰、捷克等东欧国家人民以非暴力为手段抵抗共产主义的革命，虽然也有着深刻的社会和道德内涵，却没有带来类似 法国大革命或俄国十月革命的灾难。
使用非暴力手段实现社会变革还有另一个理由，那就是暴力只适合完成单一目标的任务（如在战争中战胜敌人），而像建设公民社会这样同时存在多种目标、不同目标之间可能存在矛盾需要相互妥协的任务最适合采用非暴力手段来完成。
用激进的手段来实现保守的目的，和用保守的手段来实现激进的目的，在一定情况下都是可取的做法，但要避免采用激进的手段来实现激进的目的。暴力和激进手段能够推翻一个专制政权，但要自下而上地建设公民社会，还是只能依靠非暴力手段。
China's largest slum
Zhejiang Yiwu, demolition of China's largest slum in the tenth special economic zones
SAR 特别行政区(=Special Administrative Region) built, demolished huts, among migrant workers, where is home?
May this year, Yiwu City Zhejiang began large-scale cleaning edge of the slums.Previously, it said the world's largest market outside the city has a population of 1,433,000, more than double the existing population of households, migrant workers living in these squatter settlements with low rent.
According to local media, including high demolished slums are called the biggest slum demolitions that live in this slum of two thousand people to leave.
May 29 afternoon, in an interview with Express, a local official has admitted that, after cleaning, the basic story of the slum Yiwu has ended, because the "dirty and messy does not meet this new development SAR. "
Earlier, in March this year, during the two sessions, the State Council officially approved the "Yiwu International Trade City, a comprehensive reform of the entire program," which means it is located Yiwu, Zhejiang, a city-district in central China became the tenth special economic zones.
After the demolition of shacks, most of the field chose to return home, some migrant workers to continue to live in the SAR is selected from the mountains to live with the grave.
Many of them are in any doubt, that migrant workers, where is home?
On May 9, 2011, before, if you are using satellite maps from Google to find cases in Yiwu City, Zhejiang Tong called the village. On the map you will see rows of trees around the new city area began with lock, black roof, green mountains.
Sharp opposition in this boundary line, there are many gray dots and blue scattered them, these little dots along the middle of the rugged mountains of Zhejiang Shoulong eventually place a wide, forming a vast gray area. This gray area is called a media Zhejiang, China Town's largest slum, about 700 acres.
Satellite map at a press conference on the phone, 36 years, migrant workers from Henan Dai Yunsen first angle meters altitude overlooking his house, a hut constructed of bamboo, the gray area on a small point may be arbitrary the roof of his hut.
The previous ten years, the illegal construction, the project of squatter settlements by the directors of the city several times removed, but the Wan Chai and shortly after, the client is always returned.
Years of demolition and construction, it's so frustrating to live in the rain more than two thousand workers who use cloth, bamboo, wood, fabric bags, easy to build their own home.
Ultimately, however, he died, died ten years later the demolition.
May 9 this year, the demolitions are invited here described as "devastating". That day, the fire and commitment to shovel all this without mercy on the ground, one around the shanty towns full of people removed the plastic sheeting and household items discarded cotton clothing in a fire the, the wind flapping through the smoke unit, black smoke along the eastern side of the city of Yiwu International Trade, companion, which is the largest city in the world of international trade.
Daiyun Sen in the eyes of migrant workers, which brings tens of thousands of local businessmen and Zhejiang more than a third of cash flow, and here there is completely different worlds.
If Canon Chen talk, how to say the day he would it fire?
If the 6 year-old Chen Jia was speaking, he told me how his "home" fire has burned?
May 9 in the evening, set fire to the hut. Jia Chen was living in shacks Jiangdong Yiwu city administrative unit under the law withdrawn, it was taken from the grandfather finest Simmons dragged from their homes and watched the collapse of the tent was lit by fire, fire and smoke screen for displaying a screen to play a pair of black in the pupil of the eye on the child.
Yong Chen Jiasheng city in Henan, which is a city located in the plains, the local health center a few months later he was found to cerebral palsy, and now the disease only weight 25 pounds troubled child , atrophy of the limbs, bent.
Chen Jia Yong-city parents are farmers, they are used in the northern city of Jiaozuo never work, where coal is the most famous, but even when the need to find the relationship between a minor, as foreigners, they n were not copies. Chen said the mason's most beautiful, his son is dry in Jiaozuo, artificial respiration, big house, the girl did not work.
Because the money to Chen Jia medical treatment, the year before last, in despair at his parents choosing to have a second child this year, more than a brother, Jia Chen, and because the parents Last year, an accident of birth, adding a sister Jia Chen. Chen said that the most beautiful, all at once to feed 3 children to choose to give the father of Chen Jia Jia Chen.
One night, Chen Chen Jia stepfather said: "I can not keep moving the child out, go to God, if you want your grandchildren to live, you will help me to take it."
Chen could not bear his own great grand-son of the most beautiful, and it was lost, "has lost a child can not live, it's one of the simplest truth."
New Year's Eve this year, 66-year-old Chen Jia Chen carrying a beautiful woman and Hu Jiyun in Yiwu Henan for their livelihood, because no one can do the other, Chen the most beautiful in the slums on the edge of village were looking for a clean working workers.
"You know what? My house is a land without end, have you seen the kind of the northern plains it? An endless." Chen has said on several occasions to visit the most beautiful reason to live, "Now you get fertilizer, agriculture is a loss, if the house can feed people, I'm here for this crime."
Down where the sun set that day, Chen Jia Chen nice to him, sitting in a wheelchair for the capture, keeping both hands toward the sky, it seems that tried to enter to go under the sun.
Continues to separate the two families, he built one third
After the demolition, the edge of the number of slum village guards protecting the team from the village began to send people to clean this area is strictly prohibited those who came back to take the cabin to live, "the prevent sticking, so as to avoid repetition. "
Protect the village to escape the team, Chen has the best take the edge of a slum house on the other hand, the result is people who care team who demolished the village.
Because their house was burned continuously, Chen went to his boss the best performance to pay, "I do not want to do, give money to my home." The boss said: "Now, no money, next month you're done, send me. "
Chen said the most beautiful, "the boss does not give money, I think it was that we ran, and now nobody is ready to Yiwu clean life."
These days, Chen something worth the money, his wife Hu Jiyun called: "You want" hard "Some do, boss, we must work and do not give us a place to live, how can there be a brute under the sun people. "
This time, beautiful as his wife to crouch Chen, saying nothing to give their own point of a cigarette.
Chen has the most beautiful month, 1,000 yuan in wages as a housekeeper, that money would also have to repair less cleaning costs 30 yuan, there are only 970 yuan. "I have not found a house in the village to live, not to mention those of us they would not rent clean, think we're dirty."
May 20 at noon, the temperature of 30 degrees Celsius, the finest Chen Chen Jia push a wheelchair over the edge to the slums, is the third time, he built the tabernacle, the tent is hidden in the long humilis A very subtle. "The wages get, I will, first, they (the nursing Estate Team) out of sight for a few days."
These days, Chen Jia fever, diarrhea, was unconscious. Stuck in a wheelchair on her huge blue umbrella, Jusan Chen picked clean the most beautiful, and he has great insight for Jusan attached to a wheelchair, Chen Jia summer.
In the evening, rickets Chen slowly pushed a beautiful man in the village of Chen Jia health clinic to see the doctor, playing every day, 100 yuan Chen Char fluids. 4 days later, Chen Chen Jia the most beautiful light to see the doctor every day to be spent 100 yuan, he said, had left his money runs out.
The sun, the 700 acres of slums seem very open, Chen wheelchair pushed Zheliang beautiful pass from the head to the west end of a full half-hour. In most of the time, Chen Jia are too weak, was unable to sit, looking sideways, infinite space open nobody seems to have a wheelchair in the silence of the front.
Thursday, September 20, 2012
Gentrification
Gentrification
Ozier Muhammad/The New York Times
Settepani, a restaurant on Lenox Avenue and 120th Street in Harlem, is typical of newer businesses that cater to an influx of new residents.
It isn’t news that just two or three years ago, Harlem had a paucity of bank branches, grocery stores and other basic amenities, or that now that more affluent people have started to move there, upscale shops and restaurants have followed.
But change can have surprising results. While welcoming safer, cleaner streets, longtime residents have found themselves juggling conflicting emotions. And those who enjoyed a measure of stability in the old Harlem now long for the past — not necessarily because it was better but because it was what they knew.
“The majority of the stores, the 99-cent stores, they’re gone,” said Gwen Walker, 55, a longtime resident of the General Grant Houses in West Harlem, giving one view. “The Laundromat on the corner is gone. The bodegas are gone. There’s large delis now. What had been two for $1 is now one for $3. My neighbor is a beer drinker, and he drinks inexpensive beer, Old English or Colt 45 or Coors — you can’t even buy that in the stores. The stores have imported beers from Germany. The foods being sold — feta cheese instead of sharp Cheddar cheese. That’s a whole other world.”
Gentrification, it turns out, can have an odd psychological effect on those it occurs around. No one — almost no one — is wishing for a return of row upon row of boarded-up buildings or the summer mornings when lifeless bodies turned up in vestibules, or the evenings when every block seemed to have its own band of drug dealers and subordinate crackheads.
But residents say they do miss having a neighborhood with familiar faces to greet, familiar foods to eat, and no fear of being forced out of their homes.
It was Dr. Mindy Fullilove, a professor of clinical psychiatry and public health atColumbia University, who called the feeling “root shock” because, she said, its effects are similar to what happens to uprooted plants. She describes it as “the pain of losing one’s beloved neighborhood.”
The psychological hold Harlem has on African-Americans has endured even as the neighborhood’s devolution became so complete that between about 1960 and 1990, Harlem had lost a third of its population and half of its housing stock.
In 1990, during the height of the crack epidemic, 261 people were murdered in the police precincts that cover Harlem. Last year, there were about 500 murders in the entire city.
Those who stayed during the worst years say they developed an even stronger psychological attachment to Harlem, its flaws not unlike their own. The perceived diminution of that neighborhood, caused in part by an influx of middle class people of all races, can feel like a loss of self, they say.
Ms. Walker, who has lived in the sprawling General Grant Houses, a public housing complex, on and off since the 1950s, said she often sat talking with her neighbors about their changing surroundings, wondering whether any of them will be there in three to five years.
She said they speculated that by then, they will have been relocated to “a rural area in the Bronx” — even though a city housing project would seem to be safe from gentrification. “Change is good, and progress is inevitable,” she said. “But the feeling is, ‘What are we going to do? Where are we going to go?’”
During the past several months, Harlem residents have sought to slow the pace of change via lawsuits, protests, calls for economic boycotts, public denunciations of elected officials and town-hall-style meetings with names like “The State of Black Harlem.” A large march and rally that organizers say will be “against displacement and gentrification” is scheduled for the neighborhood on June 21.
Apprehension about gentrification has become a constant, and is now a common theme at Sunday church services and a standard topic of conversation in barber shops and beauty salons, on street corners, in bars, at public housing community rooms and among the doormen of the neighborhood’s new condominium buildings. This spring, there have been as many as three or four community meetings each week in which gentrification has been discussed — and roundly denounced.
Social service organizations in the neighborhood said that they have noted an uptick in clients complaining about insomnia and hypertension related to fears about losing their homes, even when there is no indication that they will be evicted.
To be sure, these emotions can be expressed in terms that sound extreme. An example came after street shootings wounded eight young people in the neighborhood on Memorial Day.
“I was praying something like this would happen to keep them out,” Calvin Hunt, 45, a longtime resident with a drastic view, said of the newcomers the morning after the shootings. “When crack was happening, you could have bought these brownstones for $1. Now they cost $1 million.”
Then, last month, the City Council approved another significant change: the rezoning of 125th Street, Harlem’s central artery, to allow for high-rise office towers and some 2,100 new market-rate condominiums. About 70 small businesses might be closed and some residents displaced.
In East Harlem, East River Plaza, a $300 million shopping mall anchored by Home Depot, is being built on the site of a long-abandoned wire factory. Two blocks away, glass-walled $1 million condominiums are rising next to six-story tenement buildings.
Earlier this year, the average price for new condominium apartments in Harlem hit $900,000, although average household income remains less than $25,000.
The Rev. Dr. Charles A. Curtis, senior pastor of Mount Olivet Baptist Church, one of Harlem’s oldest black churches, said that people feel powerless when they see change that they believe is not intended to benefit them.
“There are great developments going on,” said Pastor Curtis. “You can see things in your sight, but they’re just out of reach.”
Thursday, September 6, 2012
Monkey King, also called Sun Wukong, is the main character in the classical Chinese novel Journey to the West. He accompanies the monk Xuanzang to retrieve Buddhist sutras from India. Sun Wukong protects Xuanzang from other evil spirits and monsters along the journey. Sun is very powerful to lift his Ru Yi Jin Gu Bang. He is also very fast, traveling 108,000 li (54,000 kilometers) in one somersault. Sun knows 72 transformations, which allows him to transform into various animals and objects. With his help, Xuanzang successfully retrieves Buddhist sutras and gets back to his country.
美猴王孙悟空是国古典小说《西游记》的主要角色，他伴随玄奘法师去印度取经，保护玄奘法师，驱逐旅程中出现的各种妖魔鬼怪。孙悟空很强大，有一根如意金箍棒，行动迅速，一个筋斗云可以跑到十万八千里，能七十二般变化，可以将自己变成各种不同的动物或物体。有了他的护法，玄奘法师成功地取回真经，返回他的国家。
In India, there is also a special monkey. According to the Hinduism, he is called Hanuman, one of the most popular concepts of devotees of God. He is the 11th incarnation (Rudra avtar) of Lord Shiva, and is considered the most powerful and intelligent amongst Gods. His most famous feat, as described in the Ramayana, was leading an army of monkeys to fight the demon King Ravana.
在印度，也有一只特殊的猴子，即印度教猴神，一个被广泛供奉的神灵，他是湿婆神的第十一代化身，被认为是神中最强大最有智慧的神灵。根据《罗摩传》记载，他的最伟大的壮举是率领一只猴子军团抗击魔王罗波那的故事。
（译者：印度猴神哈奴曼是风神之子，他的出世就有着其不凡的经历，哈奴曼得道于始祖大梵天的真传，专为天地冥三界除恶扬善。他的武器虎头如意金棍在锄妖铲魔、扶正祛邪中立下了赫赫功劳，其来历与去向既令人称奇，也使人迷惑不解。哈奴曼从小苦练功夫的精神感动了各路神仙，在众天神的教导和帮助下，他的功夫与法力举世无双，天地三界中任何妖魔鬼怪都无法与他匹敌，尤其是他的智慧，在正义与勇武的糅合下产生的巨大力量，任何艰难险阻都阻挡不了他。哈奴曼率领猴子军进军楞伽岛，杀死十头魔王罗波那，救出大眼美女罗摩的爱妻悉多……全都是他的智慧、勇力、正义所取得的成果。哈奴曼具有无边的法力和变幻莫测的本领。他一手能擎山。一步能跨海，还能把太阳神挟在腋下，他几次救罗摩兄弟生命和拔山倒河的故事令人感叹不已；他善恶分明，扶正祛邪，除妖灭怪的故事。）
（译者：胡适认为《西游记》的美猴王孙悟空原型就是取自哈奴曼，他说：“我总疑心这个神通广大的猴子不是国货，乃是一件从印度进口的。也许连无支祁的神话也是受了印度影响而仿造的。”又说，“我依著钢和泰博士的指引，在印度最古的记事诗《拉麻传》里寻得一个哈奴曼，大概可以算是齐天大圣的背影了”随着印度佛教东传中国，《罗摩衍那》记载的“楞伽城大战”中大闹无忧园的情节，就被改编成《西游记》中孙悟空大闹天宫的故事。陈寅恪与季羡林皆同意此说法。）
Sun Wukong and Hanuman are monkeys. Ji Xianlin, a famous Chinese scholar, believes that Sun Wukong is the incarnation of Hanuman in China, which means that Sun Wukong might originate in India.
Do you believe this?
孙悟空和猴神都是猴子。中国著名学者季羡林相信孙悟空就是猴神在中国的化身，这就是说，孙悟空源自印度。
你相信这个说法吗？
Hanuman in the picture.
猴神
2. LONELYJO...
Sun Wukong, Monkey King.
美猴王孙悟空
美猴王孙悟空是国古典小说《西游记》的主要角色，他伴随玄奘法师去印度取经，保护玄奘法师，驱逐旅程中出现的各种妖魔鬼怪。孙悟空很强大，有一根如意金箍棒，行动迅速，一个筋斗云可以跑到十万八千里，能七十二般变化，可以将自己变成各种不同的动物或物体。有了他的护法，玄奘法师成功地取回真经，返回他的国家。
In India, there is also a special monkey. According to the Hinduism, he is called Hanuman, one of the most popular concepts of devotees of God. He is the 11th incarnation (Rudra avtar) of Lord Shiva, and is considered the most powerful and intelligent amongst Gods. His most famous feat, as described in the Ramayana, was leading an army of monkeys to fight the demon King Ravana.
在印度，也有一只特殊的猴子，即印度教猴神，一个被广泛供奉的神灵，他是湿婆神的第十一代化身，被认为是神中最强大最有智慧的神灵。根据《罗摩传》记载，他的最伟大的壮举是率领一只猴子军团抗击魔王罗波那的故事。
（译者：印度猴神哈奴曼是风神之子，他的出世就有着其不凡的经历，哈奴曼得道于始祖大梵天的真传，专为天地冥三界除恶扬善。他的武器虎头如意金棍在锄妖铲魔、扶正祛邪中立下了赫赫功劳，其来历与去向既令人称奇，也使人迷惑不解。哈奴曼从小苦练功夫的精神感动了各路神仙，在众天神的教导和帮助下，他的功夫与法力举世无双，天地三界中任何妖魔鬼怪都无法与他匹敌，尤其是他的智慧，在正义与勇武的糅合下产生的巨大力量，任何艰难险阻都阻挡不了他。哈奴曼率领猴子军进军楞伽岛，杀死十头魔王罗波那，救出大眼美女罗摩的爱妻悉多……全都是他的智慧、勇力、正义所取得的成果。哈奴曼具有无边的法力和变幻莫测的本领。他一手能擎山。一步能跨海，还能把太阳神挟在腋下，他几次救罗摩兄弟生命和拔山倒河的故事令人感叹不已；他善恶分明，扶正祛邪，除妖灭怪的故事。）
（译者：胡适认为《西游记》的美猴王孙悟空原型就是取自哈奴曼，他说：“我总疑心这个神通广大的猴子不是国货，乃是一件从印度进口的。也许连无支祁的神话也是受了印度影响而仿造的。”又说，“我依著钢和泰博士的指引，在印度最古的记事诗《拉麻传》里寻得一个哈奴曼，大概可以算是齐天大圣的背影了”随着印度佛教东传中国，《罗摩衍那》记载的“楞伽城大战”中大闹无忧园的情节，就被改编成《西游记》中孙悟空大闹天宫的故事。陈寅恪与季羡林皆同意此说法。）
Sun Wukong and Hanuman are monkeys. Ji Xianlin, a famous Chinese scholar, believes that Sun Wukong is the incarnation of Hanuman in China, which means that Sun Wukong might originate in India.
Do you believe this?
孙悟空和猴神都是猴子。中国著名学者季羡林相信孙悟空就是猴神在中国的化身，这就是说，孙悟空源自印度。
你相信这个说法吗？
Hanuman in the picture.
猴神
2. LONELYJO...
Sun Wukong, Monkey King.
美猴王孙悟空
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